Interview with Julie Hecht, Manager of Horowitz Dog Cognition Labs, Barnard College

WHAT ATTRACTS YOU TO YOUR DOG?

Julie Hecht is the lab manager of the Horowitz Dog Cognition Lab at Barnard College and the author of Dog Spies, a blog in Scientific American. She is a doctoral student in animal behavior and comparative psychology who has been working with Dr. Alexandra Horowitz since 2010 on the study of dog behavior and cognition.

I spoke with Hecht about their study “Seeing Dogs:Human Preferences for Dog Physical Attributes,” published in the March 2015 issue of Anthrozoös. Hecht, who is interested in dog welfare, said she and Dr. Horowitz wanted to better understand what attracts people to dogs.

Q. WHAT LED YOU TO DO THIS STUDY?

We were interested in the question of how and why people anthropomorphize dogs. We anthropomorphize everything—we see the human expression all over the place. With dogs, we make incredibly grand and in some cases aggravated attributions. You read such things in the American Kennel Club descriptions of dogs. (ed. Note: AKC describes a Pekingese, for example, as “regal in manner” and a Cocker Spaniel as “soft and appealing.”) You might [also] see a dog described as “large-eyed” and other attributes attached to the way a dog looks, instead of talking about how a dog behaves. But if a dog looks regal, that’s not telling you anything.

We wanted to test whether there are particular physical attributes that people are attracted to when they look at dog’s faces. So this is probably more a human study—except that the way humans make attributions to dogs can affect the human-dog relationship.

Q.  HOW DID THE STUDY WORK?

We took 80 image pairs of adult dogs—and they were all mixed-breed dogs—and we considered 14 different physical attributions, so described in the study. There were baby-like, or paedomorphic, features: Things like bigger eyes, a larger cranium, a wider forehead, space between the eyes. We also considered some more humanlike attributes, such as a smile, colored irises, or an upturn of mouth. Some other considerations were symmetry and the presence of piebald coloration.

Then we modified each image within a very small change so the two images looked nearly the same, but were slightly different. Each image pair presentation explored only one modified attribute. And we asked our subjects to choose which of the two images they preferred.

Which do you prefer?

Q.  WHAT WAS THE OUTCOME?

Ultimately, we found that certain infantile features—not all, though—were attractive to people, as were certain human features. The subjects tended to like dogs that had slightly larger eyes, wider-set eyes, colored irises, and the upturned smile, even though such a smile might not mean the same thing behaviorally as it appears. Dogs do smile. For example, when a dog is “smiling” or pulling back its commissure, a person might say that dog is a happy dog. But if its ears are also back but it is “smiling” it is a scared dog. Or if the ears are pressing forward, these are behavioral characteristics of an angry dog.

People did not prefer dog images with an enlarged (infantile) head.

Q. WHY DOES IT MATTER HOW PEOPLE PERCEIVE A DOG’S APPEARANCE?

As I said earlier, the way a dog looks can affect the human-dog relationship. Our report states it so: “Our research could have implications for dog welfare. A recent ASPCA study found that people often adopt cats based on their behavior while dogs are often selected based on their appearance."

"Animal rescue organizations can be cognizant of this phenomenon when presenting images of adoptable dogs. In line with the current study, animal rescue groups might consider incorporating preferred, salient features into their adoptable dog pictures—a picture of a dog with colored irises and a distinct ‘smile’ could be viewed preferentially. Further research could show whether aesthetic preferences might motivate potential adopters to meet a dog.”

Q.  I ASSUME YOU HAVE OWNED DOGS. WHY HAVE YOU DECIDED TO STUDY THEM AS WELL?

Yes, I’ve been a dog owner. I got involved in ethology, the study of animal behavior, because I think I just didn’t like the idea of taking what is known about animals at face value. And I got interested in thinking about animal welfare, now a guiding theme in all of my work.

In some ways, even this study can relate to animal welfare, because in some cases we are breeding dogs with exaggerated features because people are attracted those features. But the morphology of features we are breeding—because people are buying it—are not always best for the health and well being of the dogs.

To try to put dogs on the same page with humans is an incorrect assumption. They live in a different cognitive, social, and sensory world. And yet dogs are incredibly attentive to the people that matter to them. As a species, they really do integrate much better than other species—cows, pigs, chickens—on our terms.

Interviewing Julie opened my eyes to the need for more human-dog research. The Horowitz Dog Cognition Labs have their own web page where you can follow their past, present, and future projects and where you can even sign up to have your dog involved in ongoing studies. Thanks, Julie. 

5 Dogs on the Verge of Disappearing

There are more dogs than you can throw a stick for, right? 

There are plenty of dogs and each year about million of them die in kill shelters. That’s what makes it kind of unbelievable to discover there are actually some breeds on the edge of disappearing.

1. Skye Terrier: 
   
   
   If you’ve watched the Starz Outlander series, you’re familiar with the Scottish Isle of Skye. Well, it is home to one of the oldest terrier breeds, one that dates back to the Middle Ages. Nowadays, however, the total population of Skye terriers is between 3,500 and 4,000, making it one of the rarer dogs in the world. In the United Kingdom, there were only 17 puppies of the Skye terrier breed registered in 2013 with their Kennel Club, and some experts say it could go extinct in our lifetimes.                            
2. Otterhound:
   
   
   
    This breed was developed to hunt otters, which apparently is no longer a popular pastime since it became illegal in the 1970s. There are about 1,000 such dogs left worldwide, and 350 of those are in the United States. In 2013 there were just 42 Kennel Club registrations. A 2011 article on the dwindling breed described it as being akin to an “heirloom rose or tomato.”          
3. Tibetan Mastiff:
   
   
   
    A few years back, a Tibetan mastiff puppy sold for $200,000 in China, but a fickle public is sending this dog back to obscurity where it came from. It was recently reported that breeders are losing their investments (and their enthusiasm) with the dog, which is now selling for as little as $5 or, reportedly, being sent to the slaughterhouse for hotpot meat. The pure breeds originated in Tibet, Nepal, and Bhuta, where they still function as work dogs that live at an average altitude of 16,000 feet.                                   
4. Harrier:
   
   
    The British Harrier is a hare-chaser, but that sport has also been outlawed and the breed has fallen off to the level in which there are fears it will eventually disappear in England. Harriers in the United States are third-to-last in the AKC popularity list and are mostly kept as pets rather than hunters. Less than 100 are believed to be living here in the U.S.                      
5. Irish Red and White Setter:
   
   
   
   
    The Irish Red and White Setter came close to extinction in the early 1900s when the breeders tried to breed the white color out of them in favor of the sleek, popular red coat. The breed was revived in the 1970s, but it is still considered to be a somewhat endangered species of setter, with just 82 AKC registrations in 2013. 

All of these dogs rank low in popularity on the AKC registered breeds listing. But all it takes to interest breeders in upping their numbers would be some sudden wave of popularity—an appearance in a movie, a miraculous rescue story, or a children's book. 

In the meantime, say hello to THIS dog breed, which remains the most popular for the 24th straight year.